Photovoltaic parameters estimation using three metaheuristic algorithms: A comparative study
Sunlight has served as the primary energy source since the inception of life on Earth. Despite the emergence of alternative energy sources like fossil and nuclear energy, solar energy remains the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective option. Harnessing this energy involves utilizing photovoltaic (PV) modules to generate electricity. Extensive research is dedicated to PV modules, with a primary emphasis on electrical modeling, which plays a crucial role in effectively controlling a PV system and determining its I-V characteristics. PV modules encompass var